Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Naled ( Dibrom) is an. Its chemical name is dimethyl 1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethylphosphate. Naled is stable in anhydrous condition and must be stored away from light. It must also be stored under normal pressure and temperatures. It degrades in the presence of water and alkali, and produces toxic fumes if exposed to acids or acidic fumes.

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Contact with metals, reducing agents, or cause naled to release bromide and revert to. Contents • • • • • • Uses [ ] Naled is used primarily to control adult. It is also registered to control, and leaf eating insects on a variety of fruits, vegetables, and nuts.

Approximately 70% of naled in USA is used in mosquito control, and approximately 30% in agriculture. Naled has also been used in veterinary medicine to kill parasitic worms in dogs.

It has been used extensively within the United States since the 1950s. Naled was used in New Orleans after, in after (2018), and has been used historically in Puerto Rico to control.

Simply accounting free download. Toxicity [ ] The has determined that exposure levels from eating crops treated with Naled are below the level of concern. With higher exposures, however, naled can cause inhibition in humans, which in turn can overstimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, confusion, and at very high exposures, respiratory paralysis and death.

It has the of 6.1 (inhalation hazard) and is prohibited for use as an insecticide within the. Naled may cross the placenta if it is in the bloodstream of a mammal. Repeated exposures may also cause future behavioral problems, as well as issues with neurodevelopment, growth, and respiratory health in offspring. Chronic exposure to dichlorvos, a of naled, has also been linked to neurological issues, such as and degeneration. Persons who work closely with naled or other organophosphate pesticides should undergo regular testing of their cholinesterase levels. EPA classifies naled as Group E or non-carcinogenic for humans.

Neither naled nor its metabolite, dichlorvos, build up in breast milk or breast tissue. In a 2017 general-population study of the chemical, researchers found that children in who had the highest prenatal exposure to naled had, at age 9 months, 3% to 4% lower scores on tests of their fine motor skills, compared with those with the lowest exposure. Ecological effects [ ] Naled is considered highly toxic to bees, as well as being moderately to highly toxic to birds and toxic to most aquatic life. The is among those most resistant to its effects. 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic [ ] Aerial spraying of naled has been recommended by the and for the prevention of the in the United States.

Experts at both the CDC and EPA, as well as independent universities, have argued that naled is safer than other chemicals and should not cause significant health issues due to the low level of exposure. The federal government had considered using the chemical in to stop the spread of Zika, but decided against it due to the potential danger to pregnant women. Its proposed use against Zika led to protests in Puerto Rico. Is using specialized trucks to spray naled and (BTI). Governor said that the CDC recommended using helicopters to spray the insecticides, but some people in Miami and Miami Beach are opposed to aerial spraying. Spraying of naled in purportedly led to the deaths of 3 million honeybees and increased criticism.

Beekeepers in the county complained that they had not been notified of spraying before it happened. Juanita Stanley, a beekeeper and co-owner of Flowerton Bee Farm and Supply, told CNN, 'Now, I'm going to have to destroy my hives, the honey, all my equipment.